Thomas Jefferson The Second President Of The United States

Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States of American, the second vice president, and one of the Founding Fathers. He was born on April 13, 1743 and Died on July 4th 1826. Thomas Jefferson also signed the U.S Declaration of Independence. Not only did he sign the Declaration of Independence but he was also the Author. The United States was the first country to declare Independence as a colony. He was also one of the most important people of the American Revolution. He was the first secretary of State and also the first Diplomat. Thomas Jefferson was a very privileged person growing up. His father had a plantation. He was educated and went to the College of William and Mary where he lathered studied Law. When he was studying law he met and married his wife Martha W. Skelton who was one of the richest women because of the last marriage where she was a widow. The married couple got married and has six children, but sadly only two out of the six kids grew old. Thomas Jefferson also had many children with one of this slaves Sally Hemming. As a President Thomas Jefferson was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Which led the United States to purchase over 800,000,000 square miles in the territory from France. Then the Louisianan Purchase doubled the Size of the United States. When Thomas succeeded this he sent two men to explore which we know today as the Adventures of Louis and Clark. Thomas was also responsible for the Indian Removal Act in 1830,Show MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson And The Second President Of The United States1538 Words   |  7 PagesAs the third President of the United States of America, the author of the Declaration of Independence, founder of the University of Virginia and a founding father of our great nation, Thomas Jefferson had a lasting impact on the way we live our lives today in our great nation. Jefferson throughout his life was known to keep his religious views to himself even once said â€Å"Say nothing of my religion. It is known to God and myself alone.† (Ragosta 7). Jefferson held this belief firm throughout his lifeRead MoreThomas Jefferson Was The Second President Of The United States Of America1671 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson was the third president of The United States of America and one of the most influential founding fathers in American history. Thomas was born in Shadwell in Albemarle County, Virginia in 17 43. His father Peter Jefferson was a well respected planter in Virginia. Not much is said about Jefferson s early life due to the Shadwell fire. The Shadwell fire destroyed many of Jefferson s person recollections in 1770 leaving much of his early history and his development into an AmericanRead MoreThe First Five Presidents Of The United States Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst five presidents of the United States impacted the United States greatly and their names were George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. The president I think that impacted the U.S the most was George Washington who was in office for eight years (1789-1797). George Washington who was the commander in chief and led the army in the Revolutionary War and gained freedom from Great Britain at that time there was thirteen colonies in the United States. In 1783Read MoreThe First Five Presidents Of The United States1233 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst five presidents for the Uni ted States impacted the United States greatly and their names were George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. The president I think that impacted the U.S the most was George Washington who was in office for eight years (1789-1797). George Washington who was the commander in chief and led the army in the Revolutionary War and gained freedom from Great Britain at that time there was thirteen colonies in the United States. In 1783Read MoreThomas Jefferson And His Achievements And Political Decisions1262 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson, one of the most well-known presidents in American history, was the third president of the United States, and was known as one of the Founding Fathers, for he is one of the principle authors of the famous Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson is an important factor of the development of the United States. This leading figured has influenced the prosperity of the America’s with his achievements and political decisions, regarding the United States JosephRead MoreWho Is Thomas Jefferson?993 Words   |  4 Pages Who is Thomas Jefferson? Matthew Backlin United States History 1 A CP October 18, 2015 Who was Thomas Jefferson? Most people just think of him as the man who wrote the Declaration of Independence or just one of our many presidents. That’s not the case. Jefferson was more than that, He was a very intelligent man and a loving father and grandfather. Thomas Jefferson was also an inventor and one of the most significant men in the history of makingRead MoreEssay The Burr Conspiracy948 Words   |  4 Pageseffectiveness of the United States democracy. II. Aaron Burr Aaron Burr was born in Newark New Jersey on February 6, 1756, and Burr was educated at what is now Princeton University. Burr joined the Continental Army in 1775, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Burr was appointed attorney general of New York in 1789 and served as a United States senator from 1791 to 1797 (Onager CD-ROM). In the Election of 1800, Aaron Burr was the running mate of Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson. AlthoughRead MoreThe Legacy Of Thomas Jefferson1060 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Jefferson was born April 13, 1743, in Shadwell, Virginia. His mother was Jane Randolph Jefferson, his father was Peter Jefferson, and he was the third of ten children. As a child he liked to explore in the woods, play the violin, and read. In 1757 he started attending a private school run by Reverend William Douglas and Reverend James Maury in which he studied Latin, Greek, mathematics, and literature. After studying there for three years he went to The College of Willi am and Mary in WilliamsburgRead MoreThomas Jefferson, Man Of Citizens1000 Words   |  4 Pages Thomas Jefferson† Man of Citizens† Tamika E. Johnson Delaware Technical Community College Thomas Jefferson, a spokesman for democracy, one of American’s Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States from 1801–1809.Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell plantation in western Virginia. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a successful planter and surveyor and his mother, Jane Randolph Jefferson came fromRead MoreThe Historical Perspectives Of The Columbus Day Became A National Holiday Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesknew how in fourteen hundred and ninety-two Columbus sailed the ocean blue. His discovery of America, and not the Indies as he originally thought, would be significant in history. Thus, Columbus Day became a national holiday in the United States in 1937 under President Theodore Roosevelt and would later become a national holiday in 1971. It signified the â€Å"celebration and commemoration of Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the New World† (Hitchm ough). However, Columbus Day also sparked controversy

Nationalism Is a Modern Form of Consciousness Free Essays

A few weeks ago the topic of nationalism was presented to me. So I asked myself â€Å"What is nationalism? † and â€Å"How did it come about? † This led me to an essay stating that â€Å"Nationalism is a modern form of consciousness (Greenfeld 2006: 64-92). † It went on to say that â€Å"Nationalism is the constitutive element of modernity and it provides the foundational form of consciousness in all societies defined as nations (Greenfeld 1992: 3-26). We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism Is a Modern Form of Consciousness or any similar topic only for you Order Now † With this brief insight on nationalism I wrote this paper. This essay will discuss the proposed question ‘Nationalism is a modern form of consciousness. What role(s) do you think that this form of consciousness play(s) in the identity of Caribbean people? Do you think that this modern form of consciousness contributes to the motivation of Caribbean people? ’ But before we talk about nationalism in the Caribbean we must take into consideration the history of the Caribbean in order to identify the role that this form of consciousness plays in the identity of Caribbean people. While growing up, I can vividly remember my primary school teacher, Mrs Khan, stating that â€Å"The Caribbean is a group of small islands encircled by the Caribbean Sea†. That same afternoon I asked my mother about the small islands makes up the Caribbean and how far are they from Trinidad. She told me that â€Å"The Caribbean is made up of countries such as Anguilla, Antigua Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Island (BVI), Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Christopher Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent the Grenadines and the republic of Trinidad and Tobago and that they share a common history. It is enriched with variety of cultures, religion and dialects, which were mixed and created new forms such French Patois; that’s why the Caribbean is comprises of such rich diversity. † This information encouraged me to dig deeper and find out more about nationalism and to my astonishment I realised that there are multiple perceptions on the theory of nationalism. These perceptions varied because of the overall modifications in life and the roles that different persons took on the idea of nationalism. Nationalism, a modern form of consciousness, emerged in the sixteenth century after the War of Rose in England (Greenfeld 1992: 3-87). This war resulted in the annihilation of the aristocracy creation a void at the top of the social pyramid which needed to be filled thus a new aristocracy. This new aristocracy was comprised of talented and educated individuals of the lower social strata. Although I had all these information the question still remained â€Å"What is nationalism and how it related to the Caribbean? Ernest Gellner (1964) stated that nationalism â€Å"invents nations where they do not exist even if it helps to have some pre-existing cultural traits. † He went on to say that the nation has become a sociological necessity for modern, industrial society. This form of modernisation eats away traditional society and its role relationships, uprooting and mobilising the peasants and swelling the cities. These urbanised peasants and workers who experience discrimination formed a new nation of their own and consequently, nationalism generates new nations. Now I’m faced with a new question â€Å"What is a nation? According to dictionary reference a nation is â€Å"a large body of people, associated with a particular territory, that is sufficiently conscious of its unity to seek or to possess a government peculiarly its own. † Eric Hobsbawm (1994) viewed the nation as an invented tradition. He argued that in order to understand the concept of nationalism this invented tradition must be explored. Furthermore, she understood that the fundamental part of nationalism is the nation. The perception of nationalism deals with the creation of consciousness of human mind, shared beliefs, popular sovereignty and equality. This then led me to think that nationalism has play role in the Caribbean identity. When discussing the historical background of the Caribbean you should know the difference between individualistic nationalism and collectivism. Before the 19th century, most of the Caribbean islands were colonized by the European Union such as Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal to a lesser extent. The enslaved individuals of these colonies fought against the whites for improved working conditions among others. This is one of the examples whereby enslaves individuals felt that mental consciousness. Together they saw they needed a better life and so showed resistance. After the emancipation of slavery and countries obtaining their independence the beginning of nationalism has been felt greatly by countries. For example, in my birth country, Trinidad and Tobago, a French Creole, Andrew Arthur Cipriani, , was responsible for the beginning of national consciousness. He was responsible for the formation of the Workingmen’s Association, now called Trinidad Labor Party. The party’s motto â€Å"Agitate, Educate, Confederate† motivated individuals to overthrow the Euro-British Colonialism which appealed to their sovereignty. Now there is a place called Cipriani Boulevard in honour of Andrew Arthur Cipriani contribution in Trinidad and Tobago nationalism. Additionally, many countries migrated to foreign investment for economical stability to maintain their nation shows that this form of modern consciousness has been developed. A contribution of nationalism that is currently growing throughout the Caribbean is loyalty. People are becoming more and more devoted to their individual countries which are seen especially around independence time. For instance, in Grenada most buildings are decorated in their national colours and children are being educated about the history of Grenada. This gives them a sense of who they are as a country. Before, people of various countries would wear their flags in an unmannerly fashion and no one would say anything but now they wear it with pride. This modern form of consciousness also brought about by the political directorate and the trade unions. Individuals such as Dr. Eric Williams of Trinidad and Tobago, T. A. Marryshow of Grenada and Jacob of Guyana are but a few who promoted self-reliance and walking together for the betterment of each other and it played a profound role in Caribbean identity. Some of the things within the Caribbean that contribute to the identity of the Caribbean people are education, sports, CARICOM/ CSME and the CCJ. In education there are areas such as University of the West Indies (UWI) and Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) which contributed to the Caribbean identity and who we are today. In sports there are areas such as cricket. The West Indies cricket whether they are winning or losing is a major factor that influenced Caribbean identity. Dr. Hon Denzil Douglas the Prime Minister and St. Kitt’s and Nevis stated that , the West Indies cricket team removed the Caribbean from the clutches of colonialism and that is the real form of nationalism Nationalism, a modern form of consciousness, has contributed to the motivation of the Caribbean people. For instance, after the abolition of slavery ex-slaves educated themselves to the highest level possible as well as their children because they did not want them to be like them. Many times I questioned why it is my parents are pushing us to attain the highest possible educational level and now after reading and researching for this paper I see the importance of an education. They also were motivated to cease free labour and to acquire better paying jobs so that they can provide for their families. I concur that nationalism played an important role in the shaping of the people of the Caribbean. The Caribbean people rebelled against their oppressions for betterment. Thus, it can be said that nationalism a modern form of consciousness did play apart in the development of Caribbean countries identity. Bibliography Gellner, E. (1964). Nationalism. Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism as the Cultural Foundation of Modern experience. 3-87. Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism as the cultural foundation of modern experience . 3-26. Greenfeld, L. , Malczewski, E. (2006). Nationalism as the cultural foundation of modern experience . 64-92. Hobsbawm, E. (1994). Nationalism. References Nation. (n. d. ). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2013, from Dictionary. com website: http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/nation How to cite Nationalism Is a Modern Form of Consciousness, Essay examples

Huntingtons Disease Essay Summary Example For Students

Huntingtons Disease Essay Summary Huntingtons DiseaseHuntingtons disease, also known as Huntingtons chorea is a genetic disorderthat usually shows up in someone in their thirties and forties, destroys themind and body and leads to insanity and death within ten to twenty years. Thedisease works by degenerating the ganglia (a pair of nerve clusters deep in thebrain that controls movement, thought, perception, and memory) and cortex byusing energy incorrectly. The brain will starve the neurons (brain cells), andsometimes make them work harder than usual, causing extreme mental stress. Theresult is jerky, random, uncontrollable, rapid movement such as grimacing of theface, flailing of arms and legs, and other such movement. This is known aschorea. We will write a custom essay on Huntingtons Disease Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Huntingtons chorea is hereditary and is caused by a recently discoveredabnormal gene, IT15. IT stands for interesting transcript because of the factthat researchers have no idea what the gene does in the body. Huntingtonsdisease is an inherited mutation that produces extra copies of a gene sequence(IT15) on the short arm of chromosome 4. A genetic base that exists intriplicate, CAG for short, is effected by Huntingtons disease. In normal people,the gene has eleven to thirty-four of these, but, in a victim of Huntingtonsdisease the gene exists from anywhere between thirty-five to one-hundred or more. The gene for the disease is dominant, giving children of victims of Huntingtonsdisease a 50% chance of obtaining the disease. Several other symptoms of the disease exist other than chorea. High levels oflactic acid have been detected in patients of Huntingtons disease as a bi-product of the brain cells working too hard. Also, up to six times above thenormal level of an important brain brain protein, bFGF (or basic fibroblastgrowth factor) in areas of the brain effected by the chorea. This occurs fromthe problems on chromosome 4, where the gene for control of bFGF is also located. As of yet, there is no treatment for Huntingtons disease. But with thediscovery of the mutated genes that cause it, there is now a way of diagnosingif you will get it. This technique was discovered only recently and reported inthe Journal of American Medical Association in April, 1993. Something that manypeople do not want to know. Because it can go two ways. Either you are extremelyrelieved because the test shows up negative, and a great burdon is lifted off ofyour mind, or you show up positive, and know how and a little bit about when youwill die, increasing the burdun very greatly. And living the rest of your lifein depression. Some 30,000 Americans are currently suffering for this genetic disorder. Namedin 1872 for George Huntington the New York Doctor who first wrote down itsdevestating symtoms, Huntingtons disease up to now was a silent time bomb. 13,000 people, the largest known concentration of sufferers from HuntingtonsDisease, live in the Lake Maracaibo region of Venezuela. The origins of thisgene pool has been traced back to the 1800s to a woman named Maria Concepcion. It was from blood samples of these people that scientists became extraordinarilylucky and isolated the genetic marker that shows the presence of this disorder. Today, it is believed that Maria obtained the disease when she was birthed by aeuropean sailor. Since it was first recorded by George Huntington, a Long Island doctor,Huntingtons disease had remained fairly low key. No one heard about it until itinfected Woodie Guthrie, A famous folk singer from the 1920s who showedsymptoms of the disease. In 1967, he died. This put Huntingtons Disease on themap, but it still was not well known. But, before Woodie guthrie died, he had ason, Arlo Guthrie. He, too became a famous folk singer, this time from theSeventies. He became extremely famous, but had to live with the fact that he hasa 50% chance of having the disorder. That aroused huge public interest and madethe disease well-known. .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .postImageUrl , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:hover , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:visited , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:active { border:0!important; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:active , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Saint John Of The Cross (1866 words) EssayNow that you know about Huntingtons disease, you can imagine how it works, andthe probability of getting it. But, can you imagine how it feels to have thedisorder? What would it be like to know that you have a 50% chance of notreaching your sixtieth birthday? Now, enter the life of Nancy Wexler, a womanwho knows how it feels for both of these. She watched as her mother died fromthe disease, and has to live with the fact that she may be next. When Wexler wasyoung, three of her uncles died of the killer disease. Men only gotHuntingtons disease went the myth. Then it happened; her sister was told byher doctor that her unusual walk was an early symptom. She too had the disease. Since then, she and her sister Alice, swore never to have children. Years later,Wexler joined up with her husband Milton Wexler, and Marjorie Guthrie, wife ofWoodie Guthrie, and formed the Los Angeles chapter of the Commitee to combatHuntingtons Disease. Guthrie wanted to focus the organization on patient care,but Wexler was intent on finding a cure. So, she began to invite biologists tohelp study the disease while she worked to get her Ph.D. In 1976 she moved toWashington to become executive director of the Congressional Commission for thecontrol of Huntingtons disease and its Consequences. Once there, theydiscovered that Huntingtons disease works by distroying the Ganglia. Then theydecided that the best way to research Huntingtons disease was at the level ofthe gene. They decided to loook for a marker (small identifiable piece of DNA)of where the faulty gene is located. This normally would yave taken 50 to 75years to find. But, on a freak chance, they found it. it was the 12th mark erthat they tested. The discovery of the marker led to the discovery of the genewhich won Wexler the Albert Lasker Public Service Award. The highest honor inAmerican medicine. She also developed a test to accurately determine whether ornot someone will get Huntingtons disease. Wexler will not reveal if she, herself has taken the test because she does amultitude of genetic counciling, and does not want to sway her patientsdecisions on whether or not to take the test. But, whether she tests positive ornegative, Huntingtons disease will live on. Unless scientists like Wexler canfind a cure.

Sociology Of Corrections Essays - Criminal Law, Penology

Sociology Of Corrections Typically, there are four justifications for punishment that are still used today in the United States: Retribution, deterrence, incapication, and rehabilitation. There are many ways of reaching these justifications besides prison today, which are made to help the current problems in the criminal justice system. There are many different views about the effectiveness of these justifications, and with all of the problems in the criminal justice system many questions are left unanswered today, such as...... How well do the realities of the correctional enterprise concur with these justifications of punishment ? Reality in this aspect generally means the rate of recidivism for a given offender. According to Marquart and Sorensen, It may be possible to manipulate certain gross features of the existing, conceptional prison system- such as length of sentence and degree of security- in order to affect these recidivism rates. (Correctional Contexts, Roxbury Publishing company, 1997, pg. 299 ) The recidivism rates for any given offender depend upon a lot of variables, one of which being, time of sentence. One harsh reality of the correctional enterprise is that the majority of the correctional institutions in the United States today are over crowded. A 1992 survey said that, there are 3,500 county jails in the United States today, and there are 400,000 inmates inhabiting them. ( Class discussion, September 20 ) This makes time of sentence difficult to be fair about when there is no room to house an offender, even if he does deserve it. In light of what we know about corrections, how successful are we in achieving these goals? Which should society use retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, or rehabilitation? Justifications for specific sanctions overlap considerably. A term of imprisonment may be philosophically justified by its primary goal of retribution but also serve the secondary functions of deterrence and incapacitation. ( American Corrections, West/Wadsworth, 2000, pg. 6 1 ) Judges try and impliment sentences for these three justifications as often as possible when it fits the crime, however rehabilitation according to Clear and Cole conflict with the other three justifications. ...Rehabilitation clearly conflicts with the other goals. For example, the deterrent power of incarceration depends primarily on being unpleasant. If incarceration consists mainly of a pleasant rehabilitative experience, its deterrent power is lost. ( American Corrections, West/Wadsworth, 2000, pg. 6 1 ) This obviously puts a lot more pressure on the correctional program, especially the judge and jury who are imposing the punishment. I would imagine that in most cases we are very successful in achieving retribution, deterrence, and incapacitation, however rehabilitation is used only if it deems itself to be absolutely necessary. Which in a lot of peoples opinions, rehabilitation should be the first thing on the agenda of the courts for each offender, however, that's not the case. How do current problems in corrections exacerbate the burden of justifying punishment ? The current problems in corrections completely intensify the burden of decision making when it comes to the criminal process. This is one of the main reasons that we have so many new approaches for punishment rather then using incarceration. Probation, restitution and fines, community service, substance abuse treatment, day reporting, house arrest and electronic monitoring, halfway house, and boot camp ( American Corrections, West/Wadsworth, 2000, pg. 6 2-63 ) all of theseforms of punishment are available to help the courts decide something else to do with offenders rather then imprisonment. Currently there are 4 million American's under some kind of correctional authority, and 1.8 million are incarcerated ( Class discussion, September 7 ) With the serious problem of correctional institutions being over crowded, it doesn't help the institution itself, as well as not helping the inmate. This is not including the amount of money that it costs just to keep one person incarcerated for a period of time. With all of this in mind, come all of these new punishments that help relieve some of the burden of decision making on the correctional world. Is imprisonment philosophically justified ? In my opinion, imprisonment is absolutely philosophically justified. When a given individual breaks the laws mandated by society, he/she needs to be punished. I personally believe in the middle eastern philosophy of an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.

Company Law The WritePass Journal

Company Law Abstract Company Law Abstract1.0. Introduction2.0. Civil Liability3.0. Criminal Liability4.0.Conclusion5.0. Bibliography5.1. Legislations5.2. Court casesRelated Abstract Companies and corporations exist as single entities with the capacity to sue and be sued. The premise of lawful ways under which a company may be sued for acts or omissions ensuing to injuries or demise of individuals lies in the personality of the company as a single entity. The law recognizes companies as solitary entities that have a detached personality from the individuals that comprise the company. This means that a company can transact as a solitary entity with the capacity to make claims against another company. Concomitantly, it is possible that the company becomes the subject of a legal suit falling under civil or criminal liability as deemed applicable. The determinants that establish whether to affix legal responsibility to the company for acts or omissions vary based on the legal jurisdiction pertinent to the circumstances. For instance, corporate law makes provisions for regulating the relationship of a company with that of its employees and other staff within the compa ny. This law does not apply to third parties that operate or affect the company externally. On the other hand, criminal and civil laws have jurisdiction over the affiliations of the company with external parties. 1.0. Introduction The process of holding a company legally responsible for acts or omissions resulting in injuries or death of individuals is a multifaceted tool. Since companies exist as solitary entities under law, responsibility falls on the company depending on the situation applicable. For situations that fall within the company, corporate laws have provisions for holding the company liable. In cases where external parties exist, then the jurisdiction shifts to civil and criminal laws. However, it is imperative to acknowledge that civil laws that cover aspects of tort, contracts and compensation apply to companies, as well as individuals’.[1] The provenance encompassing legal responsibility for corporations is rather challenging, as the legal provisions under this jurisdiction of law do not obligate contemplation of a liability. This is usually the case in negligence, which falls under tort laws because the evaluation of liability is objective on supporting legal responsibility of a compan y. On the contrary, criminal law entirely depends on appraisal of moral liability in support legal responsibility on the side of the company. Holding a company criminally liable is not easy because legal responsibility is not via reimbursement, but through penalties that look into intent, negligence and premeditation. This research shall discuss grounds on which a company can be sued for acts or omissions resulting in death or injuries based on provisions of laws such as the Corporate Manslaughter Act 2007, and Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974. Three principles provide for reasons to hold a company liable. One is the agency principle where the company must own up responsibility for acts or omissions of its employees or staff working as agents to the company, hence be sued for damages. The blame acknowledgment principle establishes that the company’s top executives assume responsibility for acts or omissions perpetrated by the company, implying that such executives whose decisions lead to acts or omissions that result in death or injuries can make the company be held liable. However, acts or omissions by junior staff in the company do not fall under this jurisdiction.[2] The third principle is the company culpability based on its way of transacting business, its systems, as well as culture. While the agency and the blame acknowledgement principles attach individuals to company liability, the company culpability based on its procedure and culture isolates individuals from the company. This implies that companies cannot be held liable for acts or omissions perpetrated by individuals, but rather the culture and procedure of the company. All these principles provide grounds for criminal and civil charge against companies. 2.0. Civil Liability Tort law attaches a civil liability to companies as long as it can be proven that the company perpetrated the act or omissions that resulted in serious injuries or death. A claimant could also file a criminal suit against the company based on the provisions of deliberate acts, negligence or omissions. Under civil laws, parties involved exist as private individuals, and the courts have the ultimate prerogative to determine whether the parties’ perpetrated injury or death based on evidence provided. The rights and obligation existing between the parties, in this case between the company and the plaintiff form the basis for a legal suit. Similarly, remedies for civil suits are damages that could be financial on non-financial, and the burden of proof depends on tangible evidence indicating that the act or omission was committed. Tort law attributes the legal responsibility of a company to acts or omissions that fall under civil wrong. Acts or omissions committed by the employee di rectly fall under the responsibility of the employer as discussed under the agency principle.[3] This means that vicarious liability shifts to the employer while personal liability rests on the shoulders of the employee. Under civil law, the claimant must provide proof that the defendant (the company) perpetrated the act or omission deliberately or negligently. The claimant must also provide proof that they suffered injuries or damage. For the claimant to attach a liability to the company the injury must be adjoining to the act or omission and the series of events must be continuous. In Rylands vs. Fletcher (1868), the contractor ignored vertical shafts in the course of construction of a dam.[4] As they later filled the dam with water, the shafts gave way to water that flooded a nearby mine. The court ruled that the corporation was legally responsible for damages caused due to negligence even if it was not intentional. As such, filing a civil suit against a company works best for claims on damages because they attribute direct liability to the company. 3.0. Criminal Liability Health and Safety at Work Act, the Corporate Manslaughter and the Corporate Homicide Act of 2007 provide avenues of filing a criminal suit against a company. These Acts have the same scope of jurisdiction for attributing a company to criminal liability and can be used simultaneously used. Section 37(1) of Health and Safety at Work Act has provisions that cover personal injuries at the work place.[5] The Act lays down measures requiring companies to incorporate policies and measures to avert personal damages or injuries at the work place. This Act does not make provisions for holding companies liable for deaths or personal injuries, but rather criminalizing acts or omissions that result in injuries and deaths. Section 37(2) of the Act prohibits companies from engaging in negligent and deliberate activities that may lead to personal injuries and deaths of its employees. This section attaches liability to the company’s management in cases where their decisions are connected to ac ts or omissions that result in death. However, the Corporate Manslaughter Act has stringent legislation on cases where a company’s activities lead to death due to gross negligence. As such, the Corporate Manslaughter Act provides exclusive provisions for attaching a criminal liability to companies for their acts or omission that result in death due to outright negligence. If the evidence presented before the court proves that negligence on the part of the company resulted in death, then the company can be held criminally liable for the act or omission that led to death. Section 1(1) of this Act reveals that the company is liable when the act or omission amounting to a criminal offence resulted in death.[6] However, there must be evidence of gross misconduct and violation of duty of care on the part of the company. In case of a successful claim in court by parties representing the deceased, which leads to the indictment of the company, Section 1(6) of the Act establishes a limitless fine as the punishment toward th e company. The duty of care for employees is the sole responsibility of the company. In situations where there is negligence of duty of care resulting in death, the plaintiff representing the deceased party can invoke sections of the Corporate Manslaughter Act to claim justice. Various cases have elucidated what duty of care means. Caparo Industries Plc vs. Dickman (1990) identified three elements that clarify what duty of care far as attaching a criminal liability to a company is concerned.[7] The elements include imposing reasonable duty of care on the plaintiff, foreseeing injury and establishing a close link between the plaintiff and the defendant. Determination of criminal intent (mens rea) also forms as a basis for holding a company criminally liable. The claimant must establish criminal intent as it was the case in Salomon vs. Salomon (1897) where the court had to identify the companys officers responsible for the acts or omissions that resulted in death.[8] However, it was quite a chall enge, which explains the reason why it is difficult to file a criminal suit against a company under the Corporate Manslaughter Act. 4.0.Conclusion Civil and criminal laws present suitable avenues for suing companies for acts or omissions that lead to injuries or death. Strict or vicarious liabilities apply in civil suits and could be direct in through the actions of the company’s agents or direct through the actions of the company regardless of culpability. Under criminal liability, Health and Safety at Work Act provides avenues for suing a company for negligence or failure to prevent personal injuries. The Corporate Manslaughter Act and the Corporate Homicide Act provide avenues for suing a company in situations where acts or omissions result in demise of an individual. 5.0. Bibliography Glazebook, P. R., A Better Way of Convicting Business of Avoidable Deaths and Injuries. The   Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge Law Journal, 16(2), (2002) pp 405-422. Barrett, B., Liability for safety offences: Is the law still fatally flawed? Industrial Law Journal,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   37(1), (2007) pp 100-118. 5.1. Legislations Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 5.2. Court cases Salomon v. Salomon Co Ltd, AC., Law Review, 2, (1897), pp 22 Rylands v. Fletcher, Law ReviewL. 3, (1868), pp 330 Caparo Industries plc v. Dickman, Law Review AC, 2, (1990), pp 605

Definite Articles in Spanish

Definite Articles in Spanish A definite article, called an artà ­culo  definido  in Spanish, makes a noun refer to a particular item or items of its class. In English, the definite article  is the. In Spanish, there are five ways to say the. The four most common Spanish definite articles are  el, la, los and las in Spanish. A fifth, less frequently used definite article,  lo,  is sometimes appropriate. Definite articles are also sometimes referred to as definite determiners.  Spanish and English have different rules as to when a definite article is needed or can be omitted. In general, Spanish often uses a definite article in cases where English does not. For example, the English sentence, Mr. Brown is rich, does not have the definite article the. The same sentence translated into Spanish would be, El  seà ±or Brown es ​rico.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹In Spanish, the definite article, el, is used. Agreement in Number and Gender In Spanish, number and gender make a difference. Is the word plural or singular? Are you referring to a male or female or masculine or feminine word? The Spanish definite article must agree with the gender and number of the noun that follows it.   Masculine Form of The The masculine form of the is el if referring to one item, the singular form of the word. For example, the cat is el gato. The masculine and plural form of the, if referring to more than one item, would be los libros, meaning, the books. Feminine Form of The To say the when referring to a singular item that is considered a feminine word, for example, the word door in Spanish is considered a feminine word, puerta. A  speaker would say, la puerta, for the door. To pluralize the word, when referring to more than one door, the proper form of the definite article is, las  puertas. Use of Lo to Mean The Lo  can be used as a neuter, meaning not gender specific, definite article before an adjective to make an abstract noun.  For example,  lo  importante, translates to mean, the important thing, or that which is important. Contraction Using El English has many uses of contractions, such as isnt for is not   or theyre for they are, blending two words together to impart meaning. In Spanish there are only two official contractions in the entire language and they both involve the definite article, el.   The words a el form the contraction al.   For an example, Ella va al auto, means, She is going to the car. A Spanish speaker would literally say, Ella va  a el auto. The contraction al works more smoothly in this case. The words de el form the contraction  del. An example,  El libro es del profesor,  which literally translates to mean, the book is of the teacher, or more smoothly translated, the book is the teachers. The contracted form of  al  usually means to the and  del  usually means of the.

Policy paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Policy - Research Paper Example Both of these policies, working in consort, and in spite of a polarizing political climate, did manage to turn the American economy around. However, it was because of the desperate political climate that the ARRA was made to suffer less than a full effect on the American economy. It could have done much more, but the damaging political climate refused to allow deeper systemic problems to be addressed. Introduction The UN International Labor Organization estimated that the recent global regression resulted in worldwide job losses at 50 million by the end of 2009 (Taylor and Weepapana, 2009). With demand of goods falling worldwide, global economic growth was expected to shrink by 2 percent, effecting emerging economics as far as in Eastern Europe and in mainland China. Taiwan saw its exports fall 42.9 percent. Unemployment in the United Kingdom which was 4.7 in 2000 and grew to 5.0 in 2008, reached 7.9 by December 2010. In the United States, the Bureau of Labor Statistics charted unemp loyment rates that varied between 4.1 and 5.0 percent 2000 through November 2005. These rates begin to worsen by September 2008, reaching 6.5 by October 2008 and the highest level of 10.0, 15.4 million people out of work, by November 2009. A total of 750,000 jobs was being lost per month in an economy that was contracting 6 percent annually (CEA). Clearly, economic policy had faltered worldwide and particularly in the United States. By December 2008, the National Bureau of Economic Research had finally declared the U.S. had been in a recession since December 2007. Growth in the fourth quarter of 2008 had shrunk to a negative 6.2%, the lowest since 1982. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Immediately after his election, President Barak Obama led the 111th United States Congress through a series of emergency measures. These measures capitalized to his signing into law, on February 17 2009, The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, Pub.L. 111-5), referred to as the Stimulus or the Recovery Act. This $787 billion spending program consisted of $286 billion in tax cuts to stimulate the economy and expenditures for spending on infrastructure, State, revenue sharing, unemployment benefits, food stamps, and business and middle class tax cuts. Specifically the ARRA directed $88 billion for direct purchase of goods; $44 billion for infrastructure transfers to state and local governments; $215 billion for non-infrastructure transfers to state and local governments, accounting for such as public safety and education spending; $100 billion for direction transfers to persons in form of unemployment insurance benefits, and student loans; $18 billion to retirees; and tax cuts totaling $266 billion that covered business tax provisions and such as the first-time homebuyer tax credit (Berger and Gaffney, 2009). The ARRA funded many specific programs that sought to influence change in greenhouse technology, rapid transit, electronic medical health records a mong a large number of broad base initiatives. For education, the ARRA allocated $5 billion to the Department of Education to fund programs under the Race to the Top program that closed the achievement gap and improved student achievement. The DoE allowed successful programs to compete for grants from a $650 million fund that would enable them to