The Graduate Gilm Analysis

The Graduate Gilm Analysis The phrase New Hollywood originally achieved extensive use to express a new wave of films and young film directors that emerged between the mid-to-late 1960s to the mid-to-late 1970s; a phenomenon more frequently regarded as the Hollywood Renaissance. Amongst these young directors included Mike Nichols whose massive box office hit The Graduate (1967), became one of the momentous, landmark films of the period, and helped to put in motion an innovative modern epoch of film production. Freshness and originality (traceable to the French New Wave) within an embedded framework of classical Hollywood style could be the most fitting way to typify the formal structure of The Graduate. Having emerged from the post studio era of production, a period when Hollywood was producing a high number of successful cutting edge films, The Graduate follows popular trends by setting out to offer a probing depiction of American society. Through its mixture of old and new Hollywood stylistic conventions, The Graduate realistically captures the 1960s culture of youthful alienation, disillusionment, opposition to the status quo and middle class values, and the growing cynicism of a younger generation against the older generation. An array of industrial factors was significant to both the emergence of young directors like Mike Nichols and the changing content in films of the Hollywood Renaissance. The decline of vertically integrated companies together with a large decrease in cinema attendances, contributed towards the ending of the studio system of production, and opened the gateways for a thematically different style of film-making. Consequently, individual packages were assembled: a format that gave directors like Nichols more authority, money and freedom to stamp their authority on film projects. Due to these rapid modifications in industrial factors, American values were also being challenged. The success of sexually explicit films like The Man with the Golden Arm, led to an adjustment of the production code. With barriers falling, Nichols was allowed to portray adultery, affairs and near nudity in The Graduate. Films no longer had to strictly target the family audience. Hence, Nichols pushed the limits, pushing the restrictions of both stylistic medium, and of taste. The idea of an older married woman (Mrs Robinson played by Anne Bancroft) eagerly seducing a young college graduate almost half her age (Benjamin Braddock played by Dustin Hoffman) was deemed controversial by many older audiences at the time, yet proved very effectual in targeting youth audiences. The film was thought of as bringing something new to Hollywood. However, although The Graduate has been bracketed as a product of New Hollywood, it is important to note that most of its scenes adhere to the classical style of editing, mainly because continuity editing and conventional form was a proven successful formula in Hollywood cinema; it remained ideal for constructing narratives that were visually uncomplicated to follow. The opening scene of The Graduate is principally constrained by the rules of classical Hollywood style for reasons like this, and so that audiences are presented with a rational believable world. The film begins with a close-up of Benjamin Braddocks face the white background focuses attention on his steely motionless gaze. The composition of this shot accentuates his look of disillusionment to the audience. It seems he is isolated, but the camera steadily zooms out, revealing him to be on an aeroplane packed with passengers. By filming his muted bodily movement on the automatic walkway in one slow extended take, the sen se of Benjamins isolation is heightened; Nichols is of course shaping up a narrative to reflect the disillusionment of the youth culture of his day, and as we learn later, Benjamins future reservations. Together with the popular non-diegetic soundtrack Sound of Silence, Benjamins mood is perfectly encapsulated within the opening credits. Since the lyrics of Sounds of Silence coincide with Benjamins behaviour, it almost becomes a second language for the film. The song, produced by the folk music duo Simon and Garfunkel, became an instant hit with the youth culture of the 1960s; it reached number one on New Years day (1966). In the opening, it matches well with the slow pace and continuity of the scene; the solemn edge and dim emotional colouring of the track underline the psychological difficulties Benjamin is experiencing. It is only when the shot of Benjamin exiting the airport dissolves to a shot of him expressing his qualms about future aspirations, that the viewers are able to distinguish the basis of his psychological commotion. By presenting a traditional older community who dont understand Benjamins troubles, the viewers build compassion towards Benjamin. In this second close up of his face, Benjamin conveys a slight look of apprehension as he tries to explain to his father (Mr. Braddock played by William Daniels) of his need to be different. However, Benjamins worries about his future are seemingly ignored. His father seems more concerned about keeping up appearances and persuading his son to attend to the guests of the home-coming party. This scene draws directly to the 1960s culture of youthful isolation, because like several young individuals of his generation, Benjamin emerged from the safe haven of the college lifestyle, only to feel confounded and highly indecisive about his future career. His parents, however, highlight their self-absorbed intentions by coaxing him downstairs as opposed to understanding his predicament; the party just seems like a reason for them to parade their material possession s to their friends. Hence, young people loved the movie because it highlighted their anxieties, and in the process it put down parents as self-obsessed immoral clods who only saw life through the narrow lens of class structure and wealth. Another technique used to represent the oblivious older generation is when the middle-aged guests of the home-coming party find themselves communicating in third person about Benjamin, even whilst he is positioned quite close to them. Combined with their invasive ways (almost pressuring Benjamin into an answer about his future), none of them truly comprehend Benjamins desires. In looking troubled and hesitant about future goals, Benjamin appears to be resisting the quintessence of the supposed American dream a complete American education, followed by a lucrative career. Like young people of his time, he is finding it difficult to come to terms with the institutionalised adult working life awaiting him. During the party Benjamin is constantly surrounded by a swarm of older people who want to praise his academic achievements or question him about his future; this only further adds to his claustrophobic mindset. Even after escaping the middle-aged crowd to refuge of his bedroom, he is interrupted by Mrs Robinson and feels trapped once more. Within the same shot that Mrs Robinson is being framed in the doorway, Ben is also framed within the world of his fish tank another symbol of imprisonment that is repeated several times throughout the film. Indeed Benjamin is like a fish himself shy, introvert and feeling alone in an ocean of emptiness. The classical editing in the opening of the film attains a smooth and faultless style of narration, allowing the viewer to effortlessly track the direction of the narrative; the viewers can feel the tension created when Benjamins inner conflicts are crossed with a non-understanding older generation. Further continuity editing is used to uphold clear narrative action (a feature of several successful films of the Hollywood Renaissance) as well as build up the moments leading up to the bedroom scene, in which Mrs Robinson will attempt to seduce Benjamin. In an establishing long shot of Mrs Robinsons house, Benjamin is persuaded to accompany Mrs Robinson inside. As Benjamin enters, he is surrounded by a porch made of all glass, making the environment outside entirely noticeable. The huge trees and thick green bushes outside, give the appearance of a tropical jungle; this could be a metaphor to illustrate Mrs Robinsons pursuit of Benjamin. Also, in one of the most infamous frames within a frame shot where Benjamin is framed perfectly under Mrs Robinsons leg, Mrs Robinson again takes on the more dominant position between them; she takes up the role of a predator whilst he becomes the young vulnerable prey. These portrayals of a sexually aggressive woman perhaps symbolises how easily t he older generation and society can lead a fretful, alienated individual astray if he or she deviates from forming a meaningful purpose towards life. Benjamin, who is already feeling lost, is caught off guard and becomes easy pickings for Mrs Robinson to take advantage. From an industrial perspective, Mrs Robinsons pursuit of Benjamin is important in establishing her constructed gender role; she is neither a liberated woman (who will leave her husband and pursue her romantic desires) nor a conformist faithful suburban housewife. During the 1960s, women roles were shifting from 1950s image of subservient housewives, to a more rebellious independent role. However, Mrs Robinson plays both the unhappy suburban housewife as well an explicitly sexual woman chasing an affair. She is shown as asserting her authority and sexual prowess over Benjamin, yet is still bound by her sex and relations with men; her representation is a result of the film industrys incapability to cut free from the conventional portrays of women so prevalent throughout the history of early Hollywood cinema. Julia Anderson states, Most viewers were not interested in watching, and Hollywood was not interested in funding a determined woman as a popular female lead. Thus, Mrs Robinson is a gripping protagonist one of the most renowned in Hollywood, in fact, but when her character is measured in terms of gender depiction, it is plain to see she is not gripping because of her accomplishments, but because of her villain like role. And her whole story circulates around her relationships with a member of the opposite sex; as a result she remains a female character that is defined by her association with a man, instead of her own defiant or heroic actions. The extent of Mrs Robinsons overwhelming sexual needs bears resemblance to the dissatisfied, sexually frustrated housewife described by Betty Friedan in her Feminine mystique (1963). Although Mrs Robinson had been forced into marriage as a result of becoming pregnant, she is put in a hopeless position to escape the marriage, possibly since she has become financially dependant on her husband. In having conformed to the archetypal housewife role rather than pursuing a professional career, it could be argued that she has become consumed by the feminine mystique; a lifestyle which regardless of true love keeps women, in many cases, interested due to the wealth of material possessions and money they receive. In Mrs Robinsons case, the combination of a loveless relationship and dreary housewife commitments makes her more subject to an increased sexual appetite. Thus, Mrs Robinson only engages in the affair to use Benjamin as defence mechanism to bring herself out of her miserable existence within marriage. The cinematography techniques used to capture Mrs Robinsons growing sexual desires for Benjamin, are examples of a move away from classical Hollywood style; the lightning fast cuts and other disorientating effects in the bedroom scene create the feeling of restiveness, impatience and a great sense of sexual hunger on Mrs Robinsons part. One of the reasons in using discontinuity techniques was because it was a major component for films deserving to be categorised as part of a new wave or renaissance. In this case it is effectively used to represent the turning point in the film; not only does it highlight Mrs Robinsons sexual urges, but the high-speed editing simultaneously reflects the growing tension and awkwardness on Benjamins part. This time he is framed over Mrs Robinsons shoulder and it is clear to detect his uncomfortable reactions when presented by the fully unclothed Mrs Robinson. By applying a slow opening to The Graduate and contrasting it with these bursts of rapid cuts, the visual impact of the seduction is made much greater to the audience; the full force of Mrs Robinsons desire is projected onto the viewer, who up until now has been comfortable experiencing the largely unnoticeable style of editing. Films like The Graduate and others of the Hollywood Renaissance period aimed to move away from directing entire films via strict continuity regimes; they aimed for a newer exciting dimension of stylistic techniques and current gimmicks to reflect characters emotions. The fact that Benjamin is emotionally at a crisis himself, makes the subsequent affair with an older married woman all the more worthless. The whole feeling of worthlessness surrounding the affair between Mrs Robinson and Benjamin is brilliantly captured in the musically backed montage, a segment that uses rapid editing and special effects a more direct use of discontinuity style thought to have been borrowed from the films of the French New Wave (La Nouvelle Vague). During the montage, one scene is edited so that it appears Benjamin is drifting between his parents house to the hotel room he shares with Mrs Robinson. Afterwards, in a disorientating match-cut, Benjamin is shown climbing up onto his home swimming pool raft and landing on top of Mrs Robinson in the hotel bed they share perhaps another symbol to symbolise Benjamins downward spiral in life, and his plunge to new lows by partaking in the affair. Within the several jarring cuts that show Benjamin walking back and forth into these separate spheres, the non-diegetic soundtracks Sound of Silence followed and April Come She Will play in the background; in illust rating compressed narrative information within the montage, the sequences of events highlights their loveless affair, and demonstrates how Benjamin is submitting himself to Mrs Robinson in order to block out the purposelessness and bleakness of his life over the summer. Nichols purposefully contradicts continuity here to stamp his mark on the film; in borrowing successful elements of the French New Wave, he is able to add that major ingredient of innovation so important to films in and around his period, and use it portray the feeling of youth disillusionment manifest in his society. It could be also argued that the increased discontinuity techniques in the musically backed montage have a more political purpose rather than merely reflecting character moods. By having a more jarring sporadic style of editing, viewers becomes more alert to messages in the film, and start to question dominant ideologies in society. In this case, Benjamins refusal in submitting to neither the plastics world of the older generation or any other city profession shows his rejection of the status quo and middle class ideals; a similar rejection shown by the youth rebellion of the 1960s. More concern in emphasised on Benjamins need to belong and find his identity as opposed to following the traditional way of American life fulfilling his education and entering a commercial, corporate based occupation. Through Benjamins almost robotic, strained replies to his father questions, he is resisting the standardised American way of living in hopes to search for a more fulfilling existence. Thus, his feelings of aimlessness directly reflect the youth generation of the time who equally drifted for prolonged periods of time whilst trying to determine an aim in life. Benjamins feelings of discontent are justifiable because as Friedan would argue, many young men who willingly conformed to corporate life in the late 1960s realised that the purposelessness of their work kept them from feeling like men. For reasons like these, Benjamin refrains from following the old-fashioned way of living that his parents have occupied. Instead he enters a passionless affair and drifts around at his parents pool as a form of escapism. Pushing narrative boundaries and including illicit representations of sex in the affair between Benjamin and Mrs Robinson were thoughtfully calculated by the film to target the 1960s American youth rebellion culture. In an era when the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) no longer had the final contribution in the films story, Nichols was free of most strict censorships. This allowed him to openly forefront facets of the youthful counterculture; in doing so The Graduate targeted younger audiences (the major cinema ticket consumers in the late 1960s). Since younger people preferred films that dealt more explicitly with sex, Nichols audience targeting strategy proved very cost effective and ticket sales rocketed with the film earning a box office gross of $105m. Large amounts of that gross total were down to Nichols innovative film techniques which pushed home the feelings of the youth counterculture uncertainty, fear, and a general lack of direction in life. Another reason for Nichols to offer the clear rejection of classical unambiguous cinematic form (evident in the scenes previously mentioned) was because many film directors who employed such techniques in various scenes of their films were held up in admiration at the time, whilst Hollywood films restricted by conventional narrative flow were condemned. Films like Easy Rider and Bonnie and Clyde were largely greeted with huge success for their innovative trendy stylistic approach. Described as a period of great artistic achievement based on new freedom and widespread experimentation, these new formal styles became very profitable for selling huge box office hits, and helped cement the Hollywood Renaissance a golden age in Hollywood history. Moreover, by using new off the wall techniques, Nichols perhaps shows his desire to be held in the same admiration of previously successful forward thinking directors like Alfred Hitchcock, Charlie Chapin and Howard Hawks, who were much-admired for their high film art, and auteur status. Considering the new found freedom that directors of the Hollywood Renaissance had, the films of the period have been mostly understood in terms of the efforts of the artistic auteur. Hence, Nichols too has been regarded as a filmmaker creating his own personal style of directing. For example The scene which celebrates Benjamins 21st birthday is important in establishing the psychological burdens Benjamin is suffering; a mindset which mirrors the youth alienation and counterculture of the 1960s. Through avant-garde techniques, Nichols positions the viewers in Benjamins viewpoint (looking out of a scuba diving mask), and forces them to experience Benjamins feelings of entrapment as he makes his uncomfortable transition from a boy to a mature man. Benjamins visions reveal a blurry image of his parents faces; this together with muted sounds of the middle-aged crowd could be representative of Benjamin being too caught up in his own thoughts to acknowledge anything, particularly the overbearing views of the older generation he wants to block out. As well as moving lethargically towards the pool and finally sinking to the bottom of it, this scene cements the foundation for his growing rebellion towards his elders. Like the youth alienated society of the day, Benjamin prefers to blank out the real world. Before he decides to emerge in front of the birthday guests in his scuba diving outfit, Benjamins replies to his father are packed by unusually high pitched bleats of apprehension: dad can we please talk about this for a second. The anxiety that punctuates Benjamins line deliveries accentuates his uptight frame of mind, and becomes a point of resistance against his parents. Not only does this add to the comedic element of the film, but by presenting comedy in its blackest sort, these instances positions the viewer to ridicule American materialistic values the need to flaunt material wealth as a means of maintaining class hierarchies. The fact that Benjamins father feels the need to highlight the price of the scuba diving mask to the birthday guest only further affirms this. As Benjamin moves sluggishly towards the pool, it is interesting to note the parallels of Nicholass point of view shots with Alfred Hitchcocks; they both create a similar feeling of discomfort in the viewer. Like Hitchcock, Nichols too questions the root of regular human behaviours by aligning the viewer to the protagonists dissenting action through point of view. The increased volume of Benjamins breathing appears to be a sound which transcends from realism to expressionism and it fits in well with Benjamins troubled mood. In this way viewer feels they are partaking in scopophilic and often pervasive acts, sharing a strong bond with Benjamin. As continuity editing paints a more naturalistic ordered world, these avant-garde techniques can be viewed as mirroring the disordered society of the 1960s- youthful alienation and rebellion to middle class norms. Moreover, Benjamins behaviour and strained replies to his father are significant in establishing Benjamins identity crisis; an issue which reflects the gender crisis of the 1960s. During the 1960s, new notions about masculinity were starting to surface; the counterculture sought to change the traditional one dimensional understanding of man. In contexts to Benjamins world, he encounters the suburban middle-class ideas of the older generation and their traditional understanding of manhood a well rounded education, followed by a future in plastics. However, by rejecting this lifestyle in hopes to seek his true identity, Benjamin models himself on the modern image of the American male one who has a greater vision as opposed to conforming to the rather straightforward life presented to him by his father one that he is readily expected to lead. Just like in The Graduate, the older generation of Nichols time did not recognize that the gender roles for men were changing; it was only due to the growing counterculture asserting new attitudes towards gender that finally produced a young politicised generation who were on the lookout for their true individuality. The film thus mocks the traditional views of the older generation, particularly the materialistic wealth and snobbery that Benjamins father constantly parades to his friends. In addition to the changing gender roles of the 1960s, Dustin Hoffmans projection of a wholly different type of masculinity in The Graduate could be down to industrial factors. In a period when the industry was in flux, older notions of star power as highly desired commodities were concurrently on the decline; the rebirth of Hollywood cinema in the mid-to-late 1960s provided room for new stars to be born. This allowed Nichols to move away from portraying the traditional male hero one who was physically imposing, clearly motivated by an aim, and a man of more action rather than words. Nichols, on the contrary, presents the viewer with a male hero (Benjamin) who is small, introvert, awkward, indecisive, and feels lost throughout the film. As The Graduate was entering Hollywood cinema at a time where films were projecting high innovation, it could be argued that Nichols opts to go for something new in his characters to represent this trend. In the process he undermines classical narrat ive convention by portraying a male hero who has no clear motivations. Therefore as well as reflecting the changing gender dynamics of the period, Nichols gives rise to a new kind of star impersonation in his male hero. Moreover, Katharine Rosss character Elaine (the daughter of Mrs Robinson and Benjamins true love) also reflects the changing gender attitudes of the 1960s. At a time when the womens movement was gathering in strength, so the depiction of women in Hollywood cinema was also shifting. By ultimately rejecting the prospect of a mundane marriage and suburban lifestyle, Elaine liberates herself from the lifestyle forced on her by her parents; she shows herself to be capable of making decisions about her future. However, in choosing to marry Benjamin, Elaines representation reflects how marriage was still deemed imperative to the fulfilment of femininity in the 1960s. Nonetheless, the educated Elaine thinks independently, and like Benjamin, she chooses to abandon the older generational norms in favour for her self-fulfilment and romantic desires. The institution she attends for her college education (Berkeley) is also an important place for constructing her forward thinking mentality since i t was the centre of radical movements including class, gender and politics. By ending the film with Elaines romantic escape, the film stays also stays in touch with the 1967s year of proclaimed summer of love. Even though there is a slight change in the gender roles for the female protagonists, the women in The Graduate still conform to ingrained patriarchal norms, thus making the film a product of its time. The 1960s was a period where the second wave of feminism was gaining momentum, however in the face of these changes, inequality between the sexes remained; accordingly, the Hollywood industry only made minor adaptations in female character roles to reflect this. Benjamins mother and Mrs Robinson still inhabit a feminine role, acting as subservient counterparts to their working husbands, and although Elaine is an educated woman, her part in the story is mainly as a foil to Benjamins quest for identity. Moreover, in the shots of Mrs Robinsons legs and semi naked body, she can be viewed as what Laura Mulvey would state, an object of the male gaze. The leopard print coat which Mrs Robinson wears on her first meeting with Benjamin at the hotel is an important animal motif representative of her sexually predatory nature; she adheres to the voyeuristic erotic pleasures of the male audience. Although it can be argued Mrs Robinson is an assertive sexual subject in her own right, the counter argument would assert that she merely upholds sexual power over a physically petite, self-conscious, unconfident young man one whos young enough to be her son. In casting two aesthetically attractive women protagonists in Mrs Robinson and Elaine, The Graduate becomes another film of its time which fulfils the neurotic needs of the male ego Furthermore, the affair between Mrs Robinson and Benjamin is mainly a manifestation of an old fashioned male fantasy having a sexual affair with an older married woman. From this viewpoint, The Graduate places constraints on its radicalism and rather offers a constructed form of narrative experimentation in order to attract widespread audiences. By depicting this male fantasy, the film once again lives up to patriarchal norms. Due to the patriarchal norms of the time, The Graduate also keeps in conventional Hollywood custom by naturally focusing on a male protagonist in the narrative. The entire film revolves around Benjamin and, in typical fashion, the focus remains on his character development, identity struggle (making the adjustment from youth to adulthood), and the sexual relationships he gets caught up in. Mrs Robinson and Elaine, who are the key women protagonists in the narrative, are only defined in their sexual relationships with Benjamin. This demonstrates the Hollywood industrys tendency to heavily rely on the individuality of a male hero. The major success of The Graduate just became another platform for the industry to persist with notions of a male hero, whilst female characters had constraints on their freedom and remained mostly marginalised. Nonetheless, Elaine does have a good measure of freedom, and it is perhaps this along with her youth which make the psychologically and sexually suppressed Mrs Robinson jealous of her; consequently Mrs Robinson perhaps has an affair with Benjamin to reclaim her lost youth. To her, Benjamin provides the only escape of happiness in an otherwise dreary traditional suburban housewife life with a man she no feelings for. When the audience are made to realise Mrs Robinson and her husband share separate beds, one becomes conscious that they merely live under the false pretence of a happy marriage to keep up appearances in a rigid class structured society. It is aspects like these with which The Graduate is attacking the conformist ideals attached to middle-class values. Due to the dark, biting satire of the film, one cannot help but find the whole situation amusing, especially the dialogue regarding the moments Mr Robinson discovers the affair: in Benjamins defence he says, it didnt mean an ythingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we might just as well have been shaking handsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I dont love your life, I love your daughter sir to which Mr Robinson replies, As far as Elaines concerned, you are to get her out of your filthy mindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and thats all Ben, youll pardon me if I dont shake hands with you. Benjamins awkward, spontaneous replies are so absurd that one cannot help but laugh. The interchanging comments between them underpin the many comic moments of the film; comedy gives an effective platform to mock the societal values of the traditional American people a direct example of this is when Benjamin, in his lifeless monotone voice replies no sir to Mr Robinsons question about whether Benjamin respects him. The films ability to confine all these serious moral issues into dark humour reflects the growing confidence of filmmakers, and the freedom that allowed them to assemble contentious film projects around multiple genres. Overall, although the period of transition in the Hollywood industry during the fifties and sixties bought much needed freedom to filmmakers, The Graduate still remained an industrial product; the film speaks to a incessant helplessness in the world, and inability to change and to create change for example, when The Graduate does portray action, it is performed by an isolated hero in a particularly antisocial method (going against societal norms and traditions), further establishing that genuine change, collectively carried out, is unattainable. Even though Benjamin and Elaine escape together in a typical happy ending, they do it at the expense of leaving their families behind; after everything, the final shot of them staring blankly into space is an uncomfortable one, especially Benjamin who produces the same look of disillusionment like the one in the opening of the film. Nichols does very well in artistically capturing the themes of the 1960 counterculture; however, in a commerci ally dominated industrial sphere, Nichols is inevitably indebted to stay within the constraints of total freedom of expression because he needs to get the film funded. By using calculated methods of visual experimentation and having a very constructed radical plot, The Graduate ensures economical success and with it, the widespread appreciation of the film from audiences.

Perfect Competition vs Monopoly

M&S (perfect competition) Vs Thames Water (monopoly) At one end is perfect competition where there are very many firms competing against each other. Every firm is so tiny in relation to the entire trade that has no power to manipulate price. It is a ‘price taker’. At the other end is monopoly, where there is just a single firm in the industry, and for this reason no competition from inside the industry. Perfect competition e. g. Marks & Spencer, they have many competitors such as, Asda, Next and Tesco. They productively have over 600 UK stores, in addition expanding international business.They employ over 75,000 people in the UK and abroad. On the whole, their clothing and homeware sales account for 49% of their business. The other 51% of business is in food, where they put on the market everything from fresh produce and groceries, to partly-prepared meals and ready meals. Nevertheless on the other end, there is a Monopoly e. g. Thames Water, which is UK’s largest water and wastewater, services company. They play a very important role in providing everyday 2,600 million litres of tap water to 8. 5 million customers across London and the Thames Valley.They also get rid of and take care of 2,800 million litres of sewage for an area covering 13. 5 million customers. The main strong point of National Grid is that there are no competitors. Having many firms rivalling not in favour of each other e. g. Marks & Spencer, it is then good for consumers. The hypothesis of perfect competition demonstrates an intense form of free enterprise. Within it, firms are utterly issue to market forces. They have no power at all to influence the price of the product. The price they face is dogged by the interaction of demand and supply in the entire market.M&S are ‘price takers’. There are numerous firms in the industry that each one manufactures an unimportantly small quantity of entire industry supply, and consequently has no power at all to change t he price of the invention. For M&S and their other opponents, there is full liberty of admission into the industry for fresh firms. Active firms are not capable to discontinue new firms setting up in business. New firms will find it relatively straightforward to enter markets if they feel there is irregular profits to be made.The entries of new firms make available competition and guarantee prices are kept low in the long-run. Manufacturers and customers have ideal awareness of the market. That is, manufacturers are completely alert of prices, costs and market chances. Customers are entirely aware of price, excellence and accessibility of the product. Thames Water has sustained their monopoly situation, by including obstacles (barriers) to the entry of new firms. Even if a market could support more than one firm, a new participant is unlikely to be able to start up on a very huge scale.Accordingly the Thames Water who is already experiencing economies of scale can charge a price und er the cost of the new participant and force it out of business. If, nevertheless, the new participant is a firm previously established in another industry, it may be capable to endure this competition. Since there is, by classification, only one firm in the industry, the firm’s demand curve is also the industry demand curve. In contrast with other market organisations, demand under Thames Water tends to be less flexible.Thames Water can lift its price and consumers have no substitute firm to turn inside the industry. They moreover pay the superior price, or go without the product altogether. Dissimilar to M&S, Thames Water is consequently a ‘price maker’. It can make a decision to what price to alter. On the other hand, it is still forced by its demand curve. An increase in price will decrease the amount demanded. As with firms in other market structures, Thames Water will make the most of profit where MR (rate price) = MC (Marginal Cost).Given that there are ba rriers to the entry of new firms, Thames Water’s supernormal profits will not be competed away in the lengthy run. The merely dissimilarity, therefore, among short-run and long-run equilibrium is that in the long-run the firm will manufacture where MR = long-run MC. Both M&S and Thames Water face different types of market surroundings. Thames Water will generate a quite diverse output and at a fairly diverse price from M&S type of industry. M&S complete continued existence in the long run makes use of the most well-organized and fficient known technique, and develops new techniques anywhere possible. For example, Plan A. Plan A is Marks & Spencer’s five-year, 100-point ‘eco' plan to tackle some of the biggest challenges facing their business and the world. It will see them working with their customers and suppliers to combat climate change, reduce waste, safeguard natural resources, trade ethically and build a healthier nation. Altogether, they have cut down on f ood carrier bags by 80% – helping to reduce plastic waste. This helped raise half a million pounds for charity.Even though, Thames Water, protected by barriers to entry, be able to still create big profits even if it is not using the most efficient system. It has less motivation, therefore, to be efficient. For this motive, costs may be privileged under Thames Water. On the other hand, Thames Water may be bright to achieve considerable economies of scale due to larger plant, centralised management and the prevention of pointless repetition. Thames Water eradicates the want for numerous sets of rival water mains under each street.If this consequence in an MC curves significantly below that of the same industry under M&S, Thames Water can yet manufacture a higher output at a lower price. An additional reason why Thames Water may well function with lower costs is that it can make use of part of its supernormal profits for investigate and progress and investment. It possibly will not contain the same motivation to develop into efficient as M&S which is fighting for continued existence, but it may contain a much superior skill to become efficient than has the small firm with incomplete finances.Even if Thames Water faces no competition in the supplies market, it may face a substitute form of competition in financial markets. Thames Water, with potentially low costs, which at present runs inefficiently, is likely to be subject to a takeover tender from an additional company. This competition for commercial manage, as it is the struggle for the control of companies during takeovers, may as a result, force Thames Water to be efficient in order to avoid being taken over. Overall, there are two tremendous forms of market structure: monopoly (Thames Water) and, its opposite, perfect competition (Marks & Spencer).M&S is characterised by many buyers and sellers, many products that similar in nature and, as a result, many substitutes. Meaning there are few, if any, b arriers to entry for new companies, and prices are determined by supply and demand. Consequently, M&S are subject to the price of a good, the consumers can just turn to the firm decide to increase its selling price of a good; the consumers can just turn to the nearest competitor for a better price, causing any firm that increases its prices to lose market share and profits.Whereas the more constable the market, the more will Thames Water be forced to take action on like a firm under M&S. If, therefore, Thames Water operates in a perfectly contestable market, it might bring the finest time for the consumer. Not simply will it be capable to accomplish low costs through economies of scale, but also the possible competition will keep profits and as a result prices down. Bibliography McAleese, Dermot (2004).Economics for business: competition, macro-stability, and globalisation Parkin, Michael (1939). Economics Peter J. Buckley, Jonathan Michie (1996) Firms, Organizations and Contracts a Reader in Industrial Organization: A Reader in Industrial Organization Hunter, Alex (1969). Monopoly and competition: selected readings www. tutor2u. net www. econ. rochester. edu/eco108/ch14/micro14/sld063. htm www. bized. co. uk www. ft. com Sloman, John (2007). Essential of Economics Journal of Business & Economic Studies, 09/01/1997 to present

An Analysis of Prairiescapes Mapping Food, Loss, and...

Martin Manalansan received his PhD from the University of Rochester in 1997. He has broad research interests that range from sociocultural anthropology, sexuality and gender, immigration and globalization ¦critical theory, performance, public health, Filipino diaspora, Asian Americans ¦and the Philippines, (Martin F. Manalansan). Manalansan is a prolific writer and author of books such as Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora, which is published in Durham, North Carolina by the Duke University Press in 2003. Manalansan is also published in several scholarly journals. The article, Prairiescapes: Mapping food, loss, and longing appeared in the Massachusetts Review issue 45, number 3, in 2004. The issue of Massachusetts Review had as its theme food matters. In Prairiescapes: Mapping food, loss, and longing, Manalansan fuses the many subjects for which he is known, including immigration, culture, food, and anthropology. Charles Johnson is the author of several novels includi ng Faith and the Good Thing (1974), Oxherding Tale (1982), Middle Passage (1990), Dreamer (Scribner, l998). Johnson is also author of short story collections including The Sorcerers Apprentice (1986) Soulcatcher and Other Stories (2001) and finally, Dr. Kings Refrigerator and Other Bedtime Stories. In Dr. Kings Refrigerator and Other Bedtime Stories, Johnson infuses ideas related to culture, race, and the human potential. Both these works, Dr. Kings Refrigerator and Prairiescapes:

American Traditional Politics Democracy in America by...

The backbone to the American way of life that numerous generations have come to grow and love is based upon the principle that no matter your stature, no matter your beliefs, no matter your positioning, everyone is equal and posses the same abilities and rights of that of their neighbor. No man is far superior to the next and each has the freedom to aspire to their own goals and their own plans. Many, like myself, believe and support that equality as well as liberty are vital features to a sustainable democracy. But how strong the two features are together is where the doubt lies. Alexis de Tocqueville was convinced that liberty and equality would always cause tension between the two never letting each reach its full abilities. This was†¦show more content†¦Given by the rights of the Constitution and its amendments, all men are equal under the law, which in return gives every citizen the freedoms they so please. Yet when we see traits like individualism, materialism and en vy arise it seems less probable that they can be sustained at peace with one another. From when Tocqueville first visited America in the 19th century, he fell infatuated with the idea of democracy and all it had to offer to its people. The colonial towns of New England possessed the ideals of a utopian society, a giant step ahead from the aristocracy that had just crumbled to pieces in his native French land. As his time grew in America and as he explored further and further into the vast new regime of democracy, he realized it wasn’t all it was praised to be. By the end of his book, Democracy in America, he stated that he was indeed weary of what democracy had to offer and that it was not the solution he was in search for to bring back to France. Even though, he persistently claims that equality is not the sole reason for which he fears a democratic society, his work supports that equality is at the source of all incidents in which democracy can go wrong. Now even with the tension and the socialist appearance equality gives to liberties, Tocqueville and many o thers still like the ideas of equality and what it has to offer. Giving each member of society equal chancesShow MoreRelatedThe Challenge For Property Qualifications For Voting907 Words   |  4 PagesOne basis of political democracy in this period was the challenge to property qualifications for voting. It began in the American Revolution but culminated in the early nineteenth century. After the Revolution, no new state required property ownership to vote, and in older states, constitutional conventions in the 1820s and 1830s abolished property qualifications, partly because the growing number of wage earners who did not own much property demanded the vote. In the South, however, where largeRead MoreThe Tension Between Liberty And Equality2115 Words   |  9 Pages In Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville’s memorable claim that there is an incredible tension between liberty and equality in America is certainly true. His secondary argument is equally justifiableâ€⠀that Democratic nations, especially American, will grow to love equality more â€Å"ardently and enduringly† than liberty (Tocqueville, 202), and can be proved by observing current American political patterns and events. Tocqueville’s argument that there is an unreconciled tension between libertyRead MoreOn Different Values of Individualism in Chinese and American Cultures3861 Words   |  16 PagesIndividualism in Chinese and American Cultures 1. Introduction Everyone, every social class and every country have their own unique values. It is the fact that value is the core of cross-culture communication and the differences of culture among countries depend on different values. Value exerts great influence on everyone’s daily life. Scores of people rely on value to obtain knowledge, master the basic skills and foster correct world outlook. China and America are two opposite countries inRead MoreThe American Government is Retracting its Social Contract Essay4249 Words   |  17 PagesAlexis de Tocqueville, a well- known critic of democratic participation in government institutions, stated in his book, Democracy in America, that volunteerism â€Å"prompts [Americans] to assist one another and inclines them willingly to sacrifice a portion of their time and property to the welfare of the state† (Tocqueville 507). Although many members of American society still subscribe to the idea that sacrificing a part of their lives ameliorates â€Å"the welfare of the state,† many criticsRead More From Individualism to Unionism: The Changing Meaning of Freedom in America3158 Words   |  13 PagesFrom Individualism to Unionism: The Changing Meaning of Freedom in America In 1893, when Frederick Jackson Turner delivered his speech on the significance of frontier at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, he was addressing an audience that had witnessed the drastic changes that swept through the country over the past sixty or so years. The United States had gone from the agrarian nation of Jefferson’s vision—one with a relatively balanced division of wealth, a population of homogenousRead MoreThe Modern Identity Of The United States Of America1878 Words   |  8 PagesStates of America is predicated on the notion that â€Å"all men are created equal.† However, behind the idealism of aphorisms such as these found in America’s founding documents exists the truth of the American situation: that â€Å"equality† has exceptions. In the eyes of Thomas Jefferson and other framers, â€Å"all men† were white landowners. The dichotomy of equality for â€Å"all men† and the third estate was a feature of democracy in America for centuries and a defining characteristic of the American South inRead MoreThe Debate Over Open Carry Of Handguns1830 Words   |  8 PagesIn recent years, open carry of handguns has become the controversial issue in America since the Supreme Court’s decisions in District of Columbia v. Heller and in McDonald v. City of Chicago advocated protecting the Second Amendment (MELTZER). More and more states have allowed certain forms of open carry law for handguns, but Texas is one of few states that prohibit outright any open carry of guns (GRIEDER). The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution states â€Å"a well regulated militia,Read MoreDemocracy Individualism Essay example3518 Words   |  15 PagesDemocracy Individualism There is growing consensus in the United States of the potential collapse of democracy, and many scholars question whether America will be able to address the challenges necessary to avert it. At the heart of the issue is the disintegration of civil society. In a remarkable book on the subject – Democracy on Trial – Jean Elshtain (1995: 5) notes, â€Å"As a civic question – and it is by no means a civic matter alone – the locus of despair speaks to the loss of civil societyRead MorePowerful Mass Media Campaigning On Canada1995 Words   |  8 Pagespublic network is the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, controlled by the federal government (Malcolmson and Myers, 204.) Of course this doesn’t bode well for the CBC. People naturally suspect a biased account from a federal-owned report on federal politics, especially during election seasons where parties will potentially be pushing agendas that realign fiscal capital with public programs, like the C BC. Both the major public and private media outlets have jeopardized their ability to be trusted byRead MoreFraternal Organizations1934 Words   |  8 Pagesthere are mixed male and female, and even wholly female, fraternities. For example, for general fraternities; Grande Loge Mixte de France, Honorable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons, Grande Lodge Feminine de France, Order of the Eastern Star. Fraternities can be organized for many purposes, including university education, social, work skills, ethics, ethnicity, religion, politics, charity, chivalry, other standards of personal conduct, asceticism, service, performing arts, family command of territory

Thomas Jefferson The Second President Of The United States

Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States of American, the second vice president, and one of the Founding Fathers. He was born on April 13, 1743 and Died on July 4th 1826. Thomas Jefferson also signed the U.S Declaration of Independence. Not only did he sign the Declaration of Independence but he was also the Author. The United States was the first country to declare Independence as a colony. He was also one of the most important people of the American Revolution. He was the first secretary of State and also the first Diplomat. Thomas Jefferson was a very privileged person growing up. His father had a plantation. He was educated and went to the College of William and Mary where he lathered studied Law. When he was studying law he met and married his wife Martha W. Skelton who was one of the richest women because of the last marriage where she was a widow. The married couple got married and has six children, but sadly only two out of the six kids grew old. Thomas Jefferson also had many children with one of this slaves Sally Hemming. As a President Thomas Jefferson was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Which led the United States to purchase over 800,000,000 square miles in the territory from France. Then the Louisianan Purchase doubled the Size of the United States. When Thomas succeeded this he sent two men to explore which we know today as the Adventures of Louis and Clark. Thomas was also responsible for the Indian Removal Act in 1830,Show MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson And The Second President Of The United States1538 Words   |  7 PagesAs the third President of the United States of America, the author of the Declaration of Independence, founder of the University of Virginia and a founding father of our great nation, Thomas Jefferson had a lasting impact on the way we live our lives today in our great nation. Jefferson throughout his life was known to keep his religious views to himself even once said â€Å"Say nothing of my religion. It is known to God and myself alone.† (Ragosta 7). Jefferson held this belief firm throughout his lifeRead MoreThomas Jefferson Was The Second President Of The United States Of America1671 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson was the third president of The United States of America and one of the most influential founding fathers in American history. Thomas was born in Shadwell in Albemarle County, Virginia in 17 43. His father Peter Jefferson was a well respected planter in Virginia. Not much is said about Jefferson s early life due to the Shadwell fire. The Shadwell fire destroyed many of Jefferson s person recollections in 1770 leaving much of his early history and his development into an AmericanRead MoreThe First Five Presidents Of The United States Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst five presidents of the United States impacted the United States greatly and their names were George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. The president I think that impacted the U.S the most was George Washington who was in office for eight years (1789-1797). George Washington who was the commander in chief and led the army in the Revolutionary War and gained freedom from Great Britain at that time there was thirteen colonies in the United States. In 1783Read MoreThe First Five Presidents Of The United States1233 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst five presidents for the Uni ted States impacted the United States greatly and their names were George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. The president I think that impacted the U.S the most was George Washington who was in office for eight years (1789-1797). George Washington who was the commander in chief and led the army in the Revolutionary War and gained freedom from Great Britain at that time there was thirteen colonies in the United States. In 1783Read MoreThomas Jefferson And His Achievements And Political Decisions1262 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson, one of the most well-known presidents in American history, was the third president of the United States, and was known as one of the Founding Fathers, for he is one of the principle authors of the famous Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson is an important factor of the development of the United States. This leading figured has influenced the prosperity of the America’s with his achievements and political decisions, regarding the United States JosephRead MoreWho Is Thomas Jefferson?993 Words   |  4 Pages Who is Thomas Jefferson? Matthew Backlin United States History 1 A CP October 18, 2015 Who was Thomas Jefferson? Most people just think of him as the man who wrote the Declaration of Independence or just one of our many presidents. That’s not the case. Jefferson was more than that, He was a very intelligent man and a loving father and grandfather. Thomas Jefferson was also an inventor and one of the most significant men in the history of makingRead MoreEssay The Burr Conspiracy948 Words   |  4 Pageseffectiveness of the United States democracy. II. Aaron Burr Aaron Burr was born in Newark New Jersey on February 6, 1756, and Burr was educated at what is now Princeton University. Burr joined the Continental Army in 1775, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Burr was appointed attorney general of New York in 1789 and served as a United States senator from 1791 to 1797 (Onager CD-ROM). In the Election of 1800, Aaron Burr was the running mate of Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson. AlthoughRead MoreThe Legacy Of Thomas Jefferson1060 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Jefferson was born April 13, 1743, in Shadwell, Virginia. His mother was Jane Randolph Jefferson, his father was Peter Jefferson, and he was the third of ten children. As a child he liked to explore in the woods, play the violin, and read. In 1757 he started attending a private school run by Reverend William Douglas and Reverend James Maury in which he studied Latin, Greek, mathematics, and literature. After studying there for three years he went to The College of Willi am and Mary in WilliamsburgRead MoreThomas Jefferson, Man Of Citizens1000 Words   |  4 Pages Thomas Jefferson† Man of Citizens† Tamika E. Johnson Delaware Technical Community College Thomas Jefferson, a spokesman for democracy, one of American’s Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States from 1801–1809.Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell plantation in western Virginia. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a successful planter and surveyor and his mother, Jane Randolph Jefferson came fromRead MoreThe Historical Perspectives Of The Columbus Day Became A National Holiday Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesknew how in fourteen hundred and ninety-two Columbus sailed the ocean blue. His discovery of America, and not the Indies as he originally thought, would be significant in history. Thus, Columbus Day became a national holiday in the United States in 1937 under President Theodore Roosevelt and would later become a national holiday in 1971. It signified the â€Å"celebration and commemoration of Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the New World† (Hitchm ough). However, Columbus Day also sparked controversy

Nationalism Is a Modern Form of Consciousness Free Essays

A few weeks ago the topic of nationalism was presented to me. So I asked myself â€Å"What is nationalism? † and â€Å"How did it come about? † This led me to an essay stating that â€Å"Nationalism is a modern form of consciousness (Greenfeld 2006: 64-92). † It went on to say that â€Å"Nationalism is the constitutive element of modernity and it provides the foundational form of consciousness in all societies defined as nations (Greenfeld 1992: 3-26). We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism Is a Modern Form of Consciousness or any similar topic only for you Order Now † With this brief insight on nationalism I wrote this paper. This essay will discuss the proposed question ‘Nationalism is a modern form of consciousness. What role(s) do you think that this form of consciousness play(s) in the identity of Caribbean people? Do you think that this modern form of consciousness contributes to the motivation of Caribbean people? ’ But before we talk about nationalism in the Caribbean we must take into consideration the history of the Caribbean in order to identify the role that this form of consciousness plays in the identity of Caribbean people. While growing up, I can vividly remember my primary school teacher, Mrs Khan, stating that â€Å"The Caribbean is a group of small islands encircled by the Caribbean Sea†. That same afternoon I asked my mother about the small islands makes up the Caribbean and how far are they from Trinidad. She told me that â€Å"The Caribbean is made up of countries such as Anguilla, Antigua Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Island (BVI), Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Christopher Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent the Grenadines and the republic of Trinidad and Tobago and that they share a common history. It is enriched with variety of cultures, religion and dialects, which were mixed and created new forms such French Patois; that’s why the Caribbean is comprises of such rich diversity. † This information encouraged me to dig deeper and find out more about nationalism and to my astonishment I realised that there are multiple perceptions on the theory of nationalism. These perceptions varied because of the overall modifications in life and the roles that different persons took on the idea of nationalism. Nationalism, a modern form of consciousness, emerged in the sixteenth century after the War of Rose in England (Greenfeld 1992: 3-87). This war resulted in the annihilation of the aristocracy creation a void at the top of the social pyramid which needed to be filled thus a new aristocracy. This new aristocracy was comprised of talented and educated individuals of the lower social strata. Although I had all these information the question still remained â€Å"What is nationalism and how it related to the Caribbean? Ernest Gellner (1964) stated that nationalism â€Å"invents nations where they do not exist even if it helps to have some pre-existing cultural traits. † He went on to say that the nation has become a sociological necessity for modern, industrial society. This form of modernisation eats away traditional society and its role relationships, uprooting and mobilising the peasants and swelling the cities. These urbanised peasants and workers who experience discrimination formed a new nation of their own and consequently, nationalism generates new nations. Now I’m faced with a new question â€Å"What is a nation? According to dictionary reference a nation is â€Å"a large body of people, associated with a particular territory, that is sufficiently conscious of its unity to seek or to possess a government peculiarly its own. † Eric Hobsbawm (1994) viewed the nation as an invented tradition. He argued that in order to understand the concept of nationalism this invented tradition must be explored. Furthermore, she understood that the fundamental part of nationalism is the nation. The perception of nationalism deals with the creation of consciousness of human mind, shared beliefs, popular sovereignty and equality. This then led me to think that nationalism has play role in the Caribbean identity. When discussing the historical background of the Caribbean you should know the difference between individualistic nationalism and collectivism. Before the 19th century, most of the Caribbean islands were colonized by the European Union such as Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal to a lesser extent. The enslaved individuals of these colonies fought against the whites for improved working conditions among others. This is one of the examples whereby enslaves individuals felt that mental consciousness. Together they saw they needed a better life and so showed resistance. After the emancipation of slavery and countries obtaining their independence the beginning of nationalism has been felt greatly by countries. For example, in my birth country, Trinidad and Tobago, a French Creole, Andrew Arthur Cipriani, , was responsible for the beginning of national consciousness. He was responsible for the formation of the Workingmen’s Association, now called Trinidad Labor Party. The party’s motto â€Å"Agitate, Educate, Confederate† motivated individuals to overthrow the Euro-British Colonialism which appealed to their sovereignty. Now there is a place called Cipriani Boulevard in honour of Andrew Arthur Cipriani contribution in Trinidad and Tobago nationalism. Additionally, many countries migrated to foreign investment for economical stability to maintain their nation shows that this form of modern consciousness has been developed. A contribution of nationalism that is currently growing throughout the Caribbean is loyalty. People are becoming more and more devoted to their individual countries which are seen especially around independence time. For instance, in Grenada most buildings are decorated in their national colours and children are being educated about the history of Grenada. This gives them a sense of who they are as a country. Before, people of various countries would wear their flags in an unmannerly fashion and no one would say anything but now they wear it with pride. This modern form of consciousness also brought about by the political directorate and the trade unions. Individuals such as Dr. Eric Williams of Trinidad and Tobago, T. A. Marryshow of Grenada and Jacob of Guyana are but a few who promoted self-reliance and walking together for the betterment of each other and it played a profound role in Caribbean identity. Some of the things within the Caribbean that contribute to the identity of the Caribbean people are education, sports, CARICOM/ CSME and the CCJ. In education there are areas such as University of the West Indies (UWI) and Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) which contributed to the Caribbean identity and who we are today. In sports there are areas such as cricket. The West Indies cricket whether they are winning or losing is a major factor that influenced Caribbean identity. Dr. Hon Denzil Douglas the Prime Minister and St. Kitt’s and Nevis stated that , the West Indies cricket team removed the Caribbean from the clutches of colonialism and that is the real form of nationalism Nationalism, a modern form of consciousness, has contributed to the motivation of the Caribbean people. For instance, after the abolition of slavery ex-slaves educated themselves to the highest level possible as well as their children because they did not want them to be like them. Many times I questioned why it is my parents are pushing us to attain the highest possible educational level and now after reading and researching for this paper I see the importance of an education. They also were motivated to cease free labour and to acquire better paying jobs so that they can provide for their families. I concur that nationalism played an important role in the shaping of the people of the Caribbean. The Caribbean people rebelled against their oppressions for betterment. Thus, it can be said that nationalism a modern form of consciousness did play apart in the development of Caribbean countries identity. Bibliography Gellner, E. (1964). Nationalism. Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism as the Cultural Foundation of Modern experience. 3-87. Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism as the cultural foundation of modern experience . 3-26. Greenfeld, L. , Malczewski, E. (2006). Nationalism as the cultural foundation of modern experience . 64-92. Hobsbawm, E. (1994). Nationalism. References Nation. (n. d. ). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2013, from Dictionary. com website: http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/nation How to cite Nationalism Is a Modern Form of Consciousness, Essay examples

Huntingtons Disease Essay Summary Example For Students

Huntingtons Disease Essay Summary Huntingtons DiseaseHuntingtons disease, also known as Huntingtons chorea is a genetic disorderthat usually shows up in someone in their thirties and forties, destroys themind and body and leads to insanity and death within ten to twenty years. Thedisease works by degenerating the ganglia (a pair of nerve clusters deep in thebrain that controls movement, thought, perception, and memory) and cortex byusing energy incorrectly. The brain will starve the neurons (brain cells), andsometimes make them work harder than usual, causing extreme mental stress. Theresult is jerky, random, uncontrollable, rapid movement such as grimacing of theface, flailing of arms and legs, and other such movement. This is known aschorea. We will write a custom essay on Huntingtons Disease Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Huntingtons chorea is hereditary and is caused by a recently discoveredabnormal gene, IT15. IT stands for interesting transcript because of the factthat researchers have no idea what the gene does in the body. Huntingtonsdisease is an inherited mutation that produces extra copies of a gene sequence(IT15) on the short arm of chromosome 4. A genetic base that exists intriplicate, CAG for short, is effected by Huntingtons disease. In normal people,the gene has eleven to thirty-four of these, but, in a victim of Huntingtonsdisease the gene exists from anywhere between thirty-five to one-hundred or more. The gene for the disease is dominant, giving children of victims of Huntingtonsdisease a 50% chance of obtaining the disease. Several other symptoms of the disease exist other than chorea. High levels oflactic acid have been detected in patients of Huntingtons disease as a bi-product of the brain cells working too hard. Also, up to six times above thenormal level of an important brain brain protein, bFGF (or basic fibroblastgrowth factor) in areas of the brain effected by the chorea. This occurs fromthe problems on chromosome 4, where the gene for control of bFGF is also located. As of yet, there is no treatment for Huntingtons disease. But with thediscovery of the mutated genes that cause it, there is now a way of diagnosingif you will get it. This technique was discovered only recently and reported inthe Journal of American Medical Association in April, 1993. Something that manypeople do not want to know. Because it can go two ways. Either you are extremelyrelieved because the test shows up negative, and a great burdon is lifted off ofyour mind, or you show up positive, and know how and a little bit about when youwill die, increasing the burdun very greatly. And living the rest of your lifein depression. Some 30,000 Americans are currently suffering for this genetic disorder. Namedin 1872 for George Huntington the New York Doctor who first wrote down itsdevestating symtoms, Huntingtons disease up to now was a silent time bomb. 13,000 people, the largest known concentration of sufferers from HuntingtonsDisease, live in the Lake Maracaibo region of Venezuela. The origins of thisgene pool has been traced back to the 1800s to a woman named Maria Concepcion. It was from blood samples of these people that scientists became extraordinarilylucky and isolated the genetic marker that shows the presence of this disorder. Today, it is believed that Maria obtained the disease when she was birthed by aeuropean sailor. Since it was first recorded by George Huntington, a Long Island doctor,Huntingtons disease had remained fairly low key. No one heard about it until itinfected Woodie Guthrie, A famous folk singer from the 1920s who showedsymptoms of the disease. In 1967, he died. This put Huntingtons Disease on themap, but it still was not well known. But, before Woodie guthrie died, he had ason, Arlo Guthrie. He, too became a famous folk singer, this time from theSeventies. He became extremely famous, but had to live with the fact that he hasa 50% chance of having the disorder. That aroused huge public interest and madethe disease well-known. .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .postImageUrl , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:hover , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:visited , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:active { border:0!important; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:active , .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050 .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u864b6d21c3a5bd32d4fbf8df04670050:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Saint John Of The Cross (1866 words) EssayNow that you know about Huntingtons disease, you can imagine how it works, andthe probability of getting it. But, can you imagine how it feels to have thedisorder? What would it be like to know that you have a 50% chance of notreaching your sixtieth birthday? Now, enter the life of Nancy Wexler, a womanwho knows how it feels for both of these. She watched as her mother died fromthe disease, and has to live with the fact that she may be next. When Wexler wasyoung, three of her uncles died of the killer disease. Men only gotHuntingtons disease went the myth. Then it happened; her sister was told byher doctor that her unusual walk was an early symptom. She too had the disease. Since then, she and her sister Alice, swore never to have children. Years later,Wexler joined up with her husband Milton Wexler, and Marjorie Guthrie, wife ofWoodie Guthrie, and formed the Los Angeles chapter of the Commitee to combatHuntingtons Disease. Guthrie wanted to focus the organization on patient care,but Wexler was intent on finding a cure. So, she began to invite biologists tohelp study the disease while she worked to get her Ph.D. In 1976 she moved toWashington to become executive director of the Congressional Commission for thecontrol of Huntingtons disease and its Consequences. Once there, theydiscovered that Huntingtons disease works by distroying the Ganglia. Then theydecided that the best way to research Huntingtons disease was at the level ofthe gene. They decided to loook for a marker (small identifiable piece of DNA)of where the faulty gene is located. This normally would yave taken 50 to 75years to find. But, on a freak chance, they found it. it was the 12th mark erthat they tested. The discovery of the marker led to the discovery of the genewhich won Wexler the Albert Lasker Public Service Award. The highest honor inAmerican medicine. She also developed a test to accurately determine whether ornot someone will get Huntingtons disease. Wexler will not reveal if she, herself has taken the test because she does amultitude of genetic counciling, and does not want to sway her patientsdecisions on whether or not to take the test. But, whether she tests positive ornegative, Huntingtons disease will live on. Unless scientists like Wexler canfind a cure.